Difference between active earth pressure and Passive earth pressure

Difference between active earth pressure and Passive earth pressure

Active Earth Pressure	Passive Earth Pressure
(1)When the retaining wall moves from the backfill,earth pressure on the back of the wall decreases and become minimum.With further movement of the wall the pressure does not decreases. This minimum pressure is known as active earth pressure.	(1)When the retaining wall moves towards the backfill, earth pressure on the back of the wall increase and becomes maximum. With further movement of the wall the pressure does not increases.This maximum presure is known as passive earth pressure.
(2)The wall moves away from the backfill.	(2)The wall moves towards the backfill.
(3)The failure plane makes an angle `45^{\circ }+\frac{\phi }{2}` with horizontal	(3)The failure plane makes an angle `45^{\circ }-\frac{\phi }{2}` with horizontal
(4)`\sigma_{h}`  reduces and becomes minimum, while `\sigma_{v}`, remains constant.	(4)`\sigma_{h}`  increases and becomes maximum, while `\sigma_{v}`, remains constant.
(5)`k_{a}`=Active earth pressure `k_{a}=\frac{\sigma _{h}}{\sigma _{v}}=\frac{1-sin\phi }{1+sin\phi }`=0.3 to 0.45	(5)`k_{p}`=Passive earth pressure `k_{a}=\frac{\sigma _{h}}{\sigma _{v}}=\frac{1-sin\phi }{1+sin\phi }` =2 to 4

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